{"id":16418,"date":"2025-05-09T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/?p=16418"},"modified":"2026-03-18T13:30:45","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T12:30:45","slug":"intrauterine-device-contraception-side-effects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/en\/intrauterine-device-contraception-side-effects\/","title":{"rendered":"Intrauterine Device (IUD): Contraception and Side Effects"},"content":{"rendered":"<p id=\"wkladka-domaciczna\"><em>Intrauterine device (IUD) \u2013 discover the types, price, effectiveness, and side effects. Check the indications and tips before getting a contraceptive IUD.<\/em><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table of Contents<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#czym-jest-wkladka-domaciczna-i-jak-dziala\">What is an intrauterine device and how does it work?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#rodzaje-wkladek-domacicznych-miedziana-hormonalna-i-inne\">Types of IUDs: Copper, hormonal, and others<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#wskazania-do-stosowania-i-przeciwwskazania\">Indications and contraindications for use<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#najczestsze-skutki-uboczne-wkladek-domacicznych\">Most common side effects of IUDs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#cena-wkladki-domacicznej-i-refundacja\">Price of IUD and reimbursement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#porady-przed-i-po-zalozeniu-wkladki--wskazowki-dla-pacjentek\">Tips before and after insertion \u2013 advice for patients<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"czym-jest-wkladka-domaciczna-i-jak-dziala\">What is an intrauterine device and how does it work?<\/h2>\n<p>An intrauterine device, also known as an IUD, is a modern and effective <a href=\"\/en\/?p=16479\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">contraceptive method<\/a> that involves placing a small device into a woman&#8217;s uterine cavity. IUDs are usually T-shaped or Y-shaped and are made of plastic, sometimes combined with metal (most often copper) or containing a hormone, depending on the type. The insertion of an IUD is a simple, quick procedure performed in a <a href=\"\/en\/?p=16433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gynecological office<\/a> without the need for hospitalization. The fact that the IUD acts locally means minimal interference with the body&#8217;s hormonal balance and reduction of systemic side effects typical for oral contraceptives. The IUD can remain in the uterus from several to even a dozen years, depending on its type, and its effectiveness in preventing pregnancy is among the highest of all contraceptive methods\u2014comparable to tubal ligation or sterilization. The IUD belongs to the so-called long-term contraception forms, chosen by women seeking high convenience and reliability, without the need to remember daily pills or use other means, such as patches or injections.<\/p>\n<p>The mechanism of action of the IUD is mainly based on hindering egg fertilization by creating unfavorable conditions for sperm and\/or the fertilized egg inside the uterus. There are two main types of IUDs: non-hormonal (copper) and hormonal. Copper IUDs release copper ions into the uterine cavity, which are toxic to sperm, reduce their motility, and ability to fertilize the egg. Copper also induces a local inflammatory reaction in the uterine lining, making embryo implantation impossible. Hormonal IUDs gradually release low doses of progestogen (most commonly levonorgestrel) into the uterus, which thickens the cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and affects the uterine lining, hindering embryo implantation. Additionally, hormones may suppress ovulation, further reducing the risk of pregnancy. Each method employs several concurrent mechanisms, resulting in very high effectiveness\u2014the Pearl Index for IUDs ranges from just 0.1 to 0.8, meaning that less than one woman out of 100 using this method will become pregnant in a year. Importantly, IUDs do not directly affect a woman\u2019s fertility after removal\u2014return to a natural menstrual cycle and the possibility of pregnancy usually happen very quickly, making this an ideal solution for those seeking convenience as well as reversible contraception without affecting future reproductive plans.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rodzaje-wkladek-domacicznych-miedziana-hormonalna-i-inne\">Types of IUDs: copper, hormonal, and others<\/h2>\n<p>Intrauterine devices are among the most effective and popular contraceptive methods currently available. They are primarily divided into two main groups: copper (also called non-hormonal) and hormonal IUDs. Each type has a slightly different mechanism of action, duration of effectiveness, tolerance profile, and possible side effects, allowing the doctor to match the right IUD to the individual woman\u2019s needs. Copper IUDs, made of plastic wrapped with copper wire, are especially appreciated by women who do not want or cannot use hormonal contraceptives. Copper is spermicidal\u2014damaging sperm cell membranes and preventing their journey to the egg. Moreover, the presence of a foreign body in the uterus triggers a local inflammatory response, hindering embryo implantation. Copper IUDs work for different time periods; the latest models are effective for up to 10\u201312 years. They are also a cost-effective solution, especially for women planning for long-term pregnancy prevention. Downsides of copper IUDs may include heavier, more painful, and extended periods\u2014in some women, this discomfort can even disqualify this method. Copper IUDs are often proposed to women after childbirth, who have no contraindications to copper and who seek long-term, non-hormonal contraception.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/en\/pregnancy-and-baby\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of an intrauterine device showing contraception methods and side effects\" class=\"wp-image-14883\" srcset=\"https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1-1170x780.jpg 1170w, https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1-585x390.jpg 585w, https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wk_adka_domaciczna___skuteczno____rodzaje__cena_i_skutki_uboczne__Co_warto_wiedzie__-1-263x175.jpg 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<p>The second most popular group is hormonal IUDs, which contain progestogen (most often levonorgestrel) gradually released into the uterus. This provides a local contraceptive effect\u2014thickening the cervical mucus, impeding sperm movement, weakening their motility, and causing the endometrial lining to overgrow, which disrupts embryo implantation. Currently, hormonal IUDs are available with different hormone doses and concentrations\u2014standard models work for 3, 5, or 8 years, depending on the product and manufacturer recommendations. A key advantage is the significant reduction of menstrual bleeding, or even total disappearance in some women\u2014so doctors often recommend them to women with heavy and painful periods, as well as for certain gynecological conditions like endometriosis or uterine fibroids. Side effects are mainly due to the hormones, but the effect is almost exclusively local, so the risk of systemic adverse reactions (such as acne, weight gain, mood changes) is much lower than with oral contraceptives. Some women may experience spotting or changes in menstrual cycles in the first months after IUD placement, yet this usually resolves naturally. Besides the traditional copper and hormonal types, there are also unusual IUDs\u2014though rarely used. These include IUDs coated with silver or gold, which thanks to additional bacteriostatic properties may benefit women with recurring <a href=\"\/en\/?p=16454\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">intimate infections<\/a>, while maintaining contraceptive efficacy similar to standard IUDs. There are also systems of modified shape (e.g., small IUDs\u2014mini IUDs\u2014designed for women who haven\u2019t given birth), enabling gentler and safer introduction for young women or teens. Every woman should consult a gynecologist to choose the best IUD model, considering individual health profile, cycle preferences, family plans, and hormone tolerance. Remember, both copper, hormonal, and alternative types share very high efficacy\u2014choosing should be based on a thorough analysis of benefits, drawbacks, and any contraindications.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wskazania-do-stosowania-i-przeciwwskazania\">Indications and contraindications for use<\/h2>\n<p>Both copper and hormonal IUDs are particularly recommended for women seeking highly effective, long-term, yet reversible contraception. Indications for using an IUD may arise from various health needs and patient preferences\u2014this method is exceptionally suitable for women who want to postpone motherhood for several years or wish to stop using daily pills or other methods that require regular routine. Insertion of an IUD is also indicated for women with contraindications to systemic hormonal contraception, such as those with a predisposition to <a href=\"\/en\/?p=16463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">thrombosis<\/a>, diabetes, migraines with aura, or other conditions where the risk of adverse events on oral contraceptives is higher. It should also be noted that hormonal IUDs are recommended in treating gynecological issues such as heavy periods, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, or adenomyomatosis\u2014the local hormone effect reduces bleeding and pain, and often limits the need for surgery or drug therapy. While traditionally IUDs were recommended for women who have given birth, nowadays smaller, gentler models mean they are also an option for young women who have not been pregnant. Protection against pregnancy occurs almost immediately after placement, which makes IUDs useful for so-called emergency contraception\u2014for example, copper IUDs can be used up to five days after intercourse to reduce the risk of fertilization.<\/p>\n<p>However, like any medical method, IUDs have several contraindications, which should be excluded before use. First, IUDs should not be placed in pregnant women or those suspected to be pregnant, nor in those with recurring urinary or genital tract infections, untreated inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs (PID), or active sexually transmitted infections. The presence of uterine anatomical abnormalities, such as congenital malformations (e.g., uterine septum), large fibroids, polyps, or adhesions, often makes proper IUD placement impossible, reducing its effectiveness and safety. Contraindications for traditional copper IUDs include severe menstrual pain, very heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, or documented allergy to copper or other IUD components (e.g., silver or gold in certain models). As for hormonal IUDs, contraindications are similar to those associated with progestogen therapies: hormone-dependent tumors, unexplained genital tract bleeding, serious liver diseases, liver failure, or sensitivity to the hormone or device components. In addition, IUDs are not recommended for women with compromised immunity (e.g., during oncological treatment, post-transplant) or with high procedural risk after intrauterine procedures. Use of IUDs may also be limited in very young women who have not begun sexual activity or have very small uterine cavities\u2014in such cases, the decision requires caution and detailed consultation with a gynecologist. A detailed medical interview, basic laboratory tests, and pelvic ultrasound should always precede placement, and the patient must understand that IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections. In case of new or changing sexual partners, additional barrier protection (e.g., condoms) is recommended. Ultimately, the choice of this contraception method must always consider the individual woman&#8217;s needs, health status, lifestyle, and the final recommendation is up to the attending physician.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"najczestsze-skutki-uboczne-wkladek-domacicznych\">Most common side effects of IUDs<\/h2>\n<p>Despite their high effectiveness, convenience, and reversibility, IUDs are not without potential side effects. The most frequent complaints after IUD insertion include lower abdominal pain and discomfort lasting several days\u2014these symptoms are usually short-lived and subside as the body adjusts to the foreign object. With copper IUDs, many women report heavier menstrual bleeding, longer period duration, and increased period pain (dysmenorrhea), especially in the first months after insertion. These symptoms result from the IUD\u2019s induction of a local inflammatory state in the endometrium\u2014this is the main contraceptive mechanism but also increases bleeding tendency. For hormonal IUDs, especially in the early weeks, irregular spotting or intermenstrual bleeding can occur, but these usually resolve within a few months. Some women may even experience complete absence of menstruation (amenorrhea) due to the local progestogen effect on the cycle. Hormonal IUDs in some users may also cause mild symptoms like breast tenderness, headache, mood reduction, or acne, which tend to pass spontaneously after adaptation.<\/p>\n<p>IUDs can also cause rarer, but potentially more serious side effects. These include infection risk\u2014both in the first weeks after insertion and later, especially if hygiene is neglected, or other risk factors coexist. Infections usually concern the pelvic organs (pelvic inflammatory disease) and may manifest as lower abdominal pain, fever, unusual discharge, or menstrual irregularities. In very rare cases, particularly directly after insertion, uterine perforation and device displacement occurs\u2014estimated at 1\u20132 per 1000 insertions. This necessitates immediate IUD removal or even surgery. Another significant risk is IUD expulsion (usually within the first year), sometimes unnoticed by the woman, which decreases contraceptive effectiveness with the risk of pregnancy. The body may also reject the device due to anatomical abnormalities or excessive inflammation. Although most women tolerate IUDs well, side effects vary between individuals and depend on body reaction, IUD type, age, prior infections, or comorbidities. Regular gynecological checkups allow for appropriate observation and rapid intervention if alarming symptoms develop. It is important to note that IUD use does not affect future fertility after removal, and most side effects are temporary. Each time, the decision to use a particular method should be preceded by an in-depth conversation with a doctor to exclude contraindications and accept possible inconveniences.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cena-wkladki-domacicznej-i-refundacja\">Price of IUD and reimbursement<\/h2>\n<p>IUDs, due to their effectiveness and long-term action, are regarded as a one-time but significant investment in health and unplanned pregnancy protection. The cost of an IUD in Poland varies greatly and mainly depends on the type (copper or hormonal), manufacturer, and place of purchase. Copper IUDs are the cheapest\u2014their prices typically range from 150 to 400 PLN, depending on model and brand. Hormonal IUDs are much more expensive: one of the most popular on the market costs from 700 up to even 1700 PLN. Users should remember that the product price is not all\u2014the total cost includes the gynecological visit and the IUD insertion procedure, which in private clinics is about 200\u2013500 PLN, depending on facility prestige and region. Additional possible expenses include diagnostic tests before insertion (e.g., pelvic ultrasound, cervical smear, infection testing) that a doctor may recommend. Follow-up visits after IUD placement (usually after the first cycle and annually) are generally also paid for in private healthcare.<\/p>\n<p>Considering the overall IUD cost, many women wonder if such contraceptive protection can be reimbursed by the National Health Fund (NFZ). Currently in Poland, only some hormonal IUDs are covered by NFZ, primarily selected types containing levonorgestrel for specified medical indications (treatment of heavy periods, endometriosis, or adenomyosis). Reimbursement also covers certain groups, e.g., insured women of reproductive age with specific health criteria. Before the procedure, consult your doctor about reimbursement options and check the current list of covered products on the official NFZ website or pharmacies with access to reimbursement listings. In practice, however, most women opting for an IUD must bear the full product and insertion costs if they use private services or do not meet reimbursement criteria. Some municipalities, local governments, or health programs may offer financial support for some contraceptive forms, including IUDs\u2014information about such projects is available from city offices, family planning clinics, or gynecologists. Ultimately, considering the IUD\u2019s long action (several or even more than ten years), the final cost may be favorable compared to other contraception methods, though it requires a one-time financial outlay. Copper IUDs remain among the cheapest long-acting contraceptives, while hormonal types are more expensive but offer additional health benefits and greater comfort for women with gynecological issues. The cost of purchasing and inserting the device should be considered jointly with the doctor, taking into account patient preferences and individual health indications.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"porady-przed-i-po-zalozeniu-wkladki--wskazowki-dla-pacjentek\">Tips before and after insertion \u2013 advice for patients<\/h2>\n<p>The decision to get an intrauterine device is an important step, and preparation for the procedure as well as proper aftercare are vital for the woman\u2019s health and comfort. Before making the decision, book a gynecological consultation, during which the doctor will take a thorough history, perform a <a href=\"https:\/\/najzdrowie.pl\/en\/gynecological-examination-types-doctor-visit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">gynecological examination<\/a>, and, if needed, order additional tests such as Pap smear, infection screenings, or pelvic ultrasound. This rules out any contraindications (e.g., inflammation, untreated infections, uterine abnormalities) that may raise complication risk or affect effectiveness. It\u2019s also important to inform the doctor about any medications, previous surgeries, chronic diseases, and plans for future pregnancies. During preparation, clarify any doubts about the chosen IUD type, validity period, mechanism of action, possible side effects, and what to do in emergencies. The procedure is usually done during the first days of the menstrual cycle, when the cervix is slightly open, reducing pain and infection risk. Before the procedure, maintain proper intimate hygiene, avoid intercourse for several days prior, and follow your doctor\u2019s advice regarding possible painkillers or anti-inflammatories. Also, bring your medical documentation and a list of questions, which can make decision-making easier and contribute to mental comfort.<\/p>\n<p>After getting an IUD, several crucial tips help minimize complication risk and ensure contraceptive effectiveness. In the first hours and days, moderate lower abdominal pain, discomfort, and sometimes light spotting are typical\u2014these generally subside after a few days. It\u2019s recommended to avoid strenuous physical activity and lifting heavy objects for at least 24\u201348 hours. Also, refrain from sexual intercourse until any discomfort has resolved and according to your doctor\u2019s advice. Intimate hygiene is very important\u2014do not use tampons or vaginal douches for the first week to avoid infection or device displacement. The first gynecological checkup should be 4\u20136 weeks after insertion to assess device position and rule out complications such as migration, perforation, or local inflammation. It\u2019s worth learning to check for the IUD strings yourself\u2014their presence near the cervix indicates proper placement. Any alarming symptoms, such as heavy bleeding, persistent severe pain, fever, unusual discharge, or systemic infection symptoms, should prompt immediate medical attention. Although the safety profile is high, there is some expulsion risk, especially in young women or in the first months of use\u2014so regular follow-up visits and menstrual tracking are crucial. Becoming familiar with your own cycle and warning signs, as well as knowing how to recognize complications, allows for quick intervention and lower health risks. The IUD does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases\u2014so with new or multiple partners, use condoms as well. Following doctor\u2019s instructions and regular self-checks are essential for safe, effective contraception with this method.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h2>\n<p id=\"wkladka-domaciczna\">The intrauterine device is one of the most effective and convenient contraceptive methods, available in various types\u2014copper and hormonal. Before choosing this method, it\u2019s worth becoming familiar with the indications, contraindications, and possible side effects, such as spotting or menstrual cramps. The price of IUDs can vary, and in some cases, reimbursement may be available. When choosing this method, it\u2019s important to seek expert advice and properly prepare for the procedure, as well as maintain intimate hygiene after insertion. A conscious decision, based on reliable information, allows you to enjoy comfort and contraceptive safety.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An intrauterine device (IUD) is a highly effective contraception method with both copper and hormonal varieties. Learn about effectiveness, types, side effects, cost, and medical indications, plus advice before and after IUD insertion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10195,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","rank_math_title":"Intrauterine Device (IUD): Contraception and Side Effects","rank_math_description":"Learn about the intrauterine contraceptive system, also known as the coil. How does this birth control method work? 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