Learn how to choose the best SPF sunscreen. Find out how to effectively protect your skin from the sun and how to properly apply sunscreen.
Table of contents
- Why is sun protection important?
- How does SPF work? – UVA and UVB radiation under a magnifying glass
- Types of sunscreens – physical and chemical filters
- How do I choose the right sunscreen for my face and body?
- Proper application of sunscreen – the most common mistakes and recommendations
- How often and where to apply sunscreen? – Practical tips
Why is sun protection important?
Sun protection is one of the most important elements of daily skin care, which has a direct impact not only on the appearance of the skin, but also on its overall health. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, emitted by the sun, is divided into three main ranges: UVA, UVB and UVC, the first two of which reach the Earth’s surface and affect human skin. UVA rays penetrate deep into the skin, damaging its structure, accelerating the aging process and causing symptoms such as hyperpigmentation, loss of elasticity and wrinkles. It is UVAs that are present all year round, regardless of the weather and season, and also penetrate through glass and clouds. UVB radiation, responsible for tanning and sunburn, has a more superficial effect, affecting the epidermis and being crucial in the formation of erythema. In the long term, exposure to both types of radiation increases the risk of developing skin cancers, including the dangerous melanoma, basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. According to the World Health Organization, regular use of UV sunscreens can significantly reduce the risk of developing skin cancer, as well as counteract premature aging of the complexion.
Adequate sun protection is crucial not only in summer, during leisure or outdoor sports, but every day, regardless of weather conditions. Daily exposure to UV radiation, invisible to the naked eye but very intense, accumulates in the skin cells, resulting in damage to the skin’s DNA and the appearance of permanent changes, which often cannot be removed. The result of a lack of protection can be not only hyperpigmentation, but also loss of firmness, color irregularity or a tendency to vascular formation. In people with a fair complexion or genetic predisposition, the risk of negative effects is even greater, but protection applies to any skin type, including darker skin, which is not completely immune to the harmful effects of the sun. In addition, it is worth remembering that an adequate SPF filter is the best prevention of photoaging and stabilizes the results of dermatological and cosmetic procedures. Modern sunscreens, enriched with moisturizing, antioxidant or regenerating ingredients, help not only protect the skin, but also take care of its condition, ensuring a healthy, youthful appearance for years to come. Regular and proper use of sunscreen products allows you to enjoy the sun without risk, significantly reducing the occurrence of both short-term effects, such as burns, and serious health consequences in the future.
How does SPF work? – UVA and UVB radiation under a magnifying glass
When choosing a sunscreen, we often focus on the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) designation that appears on the packaging of most sunscreen products. However, few people know exactly what SPF is and how it works in practice, as well as what types of UV radiation the sunscreen covers. SPF is an international indicator of how long after a product has been applied, the skin is protected from UVB-induced erythema – which is responsible for tanning, sunburn and direct damage to the epidermis. For example, a cream with SPF 30 theoretically extends the time of safe exposure to the sun by thirty times compared to unprotected skin, although in practice this effectiveness depends on the proper application of the right amount of product, sweat, friction or water bathing, which can wash off the filter. It’s worth remembering, however, that SPF refers almost exclusively to UVB protection, which means that even with a high SPF rating, our skin can be exposed to UVA rays – and it’s the long-wave radiation (UVA) that is responsible for deep skin damage, photoaging, the formation of hyperpigmentation and wrinkles, and even DNA mutations leading to skin cancer. That’s why it’s so important, when choosing a sunscreen, to pay attention not only to the SPF amount, but also to the broad spectrum of protection declared by the manufacturer, as well as the UVA designation in the circle, which indicates effective protection against this type of radiation. The differences between UVA and UVB are crucial to understanding how sunscreens work – UVB accounts for only 5% of the total UV radiation reaching the earth, while UVA accounts for as much as 95%, penetrates clouds, glass and even clothing, and reaches deep into the skin all year round, even on cloudy days and in winter. The popularity of high SPFs stems from the belief that only they protect effectively, but the regularity of the cream’s application, its quality and compatibility with your skin type and environment is also important – for example, in high mountains or by the water, radiation exposure is greater and protection should be even more meticulous.
A key aspect of the effectiveness of sunscreens is the ingredients that filter UV rays – these are divided into mineral (physical) and chemical filters. Mineral filters, such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, act on the skin’s surface like a mirror, reflecting and dispersing UV rays. They are especially recommended for people with sensitive skin, children and allergy sufferers, as they are less likely to cause adverse reactions and usually effectively protect against UVA and UVB. Chemical filters, on the other hand, absorb UV radiation and turn it into harmless heat. Modern sunscreens often combine both types of filters for more complete stabilization and broad-spectrum protection. The choice of the right product should be determined not only by the SPF rating, but also by the composition, the claimed UVA protection and the photostability of the filters, i.e. their ability to remain effective during exposure to sunlight. It is also worth paying attention to modern technologies used by manufacturers, such as new-generation filters that protect not only against the sun, but also against blue light emitted by screens or infrared light, which can also accelerate skin aging. The use of creams with a broad spectrum of protection and a diverse composition of filters provides an effective barrier against the negative effects of UV radiation, both UVB, which directly damages the outer layer of the skin, and UVA, which penetrates deep into the skin, causing permanent changes and accumulating harmful effects for years. Proper application of the cream is also of great importance – it is recommended to apply the product to all exposed skin at least 15-20 minutes before going out in the sun, and to reapply every 2-3 hours, especially after swimming or wiping the skin. Only the proper use of sunscreen, the choice of a product tailored to one’s needs and awareness of the real effect of SPF allow you to enjoy the charms of the sun without risking the health of your skin.
Types of sunscreens – physical and chemical filters
Sunscreens can be divided into two main categories based on the type of filters used: physical (also called mineral) and chemical. Physical, or mineral, filters are based on substances such as zinc oxide (Zinc Oxide) and titanium dioxide (Titanium Dioxide). Their protection mechanism involves reflecting and scattering UV radiation like a miniature mirror, even before it reaches the skin’s surface. This type of filter is especially appreciated by people with sensitive skin, children, as well as those with allergies, as it does not cause irritation and is well tolerated even by very delicate skin. Creams with mineral filters are often chosen by proponents of natural care, as these substances are considered safe for both humans and the environment (such as coral reefs). The downside, however, can be a peculiar, thick consistency and a white layer that can remain on the skin after application, although modern formulas increasingly minimize this effect. It is also worth noting that mineral filters protect against both UVB and UVA radiation, providing a broad spectrum of protection. Nonetheless, for full effectiveness, mineral creams should be applied evenly and in the right amount, since if the product is rubbed off the skin’s surface, protection wanes more quickly than with chemical filters.
Chemical filters, on the other hand, work on a different principle – they penetrate the outer layer of the skin and absorb the energy of ultraviolet radiation, turning it into harmless heat. Popular active ingredients include octocrylene, avobenzone, bemotrizinol or triazines. Creams with chemical filters are characterized by a light texture, absorb quickly, do not whiten the skin and function almost invisibly under makeup, making them an attractive solution for those seeking comfort of use and high daily protection – including in urban care and during sports. The advanced formulations of some chemical filters can offer very high photostability, effectiveness across a broad spectrum of radiation, and additional skin care properties, such as moisturizing or antioxidant. The downside can be the possibility of skin irritation especially in people with a tendency to allergies, atopy or very sensitive skin. To ensure optimal performance of chemical creams, it’s worth remembering to reapply regularly and choose products that comprehensively protect against both UVB and UVA (preferably with PA+, UVA in a circle or an indication of high PPD – Persistent Pigment Darkening). Nowadays, hybrid sunscreens, which combine the advantages of both these technologies – mineral and chemical – are becoming increasingly popular, achieving high protection, better stability, higher application comfort and minimized risk of irritation. Such innovative formulations are often enriched with soothing, anti-inflammatory and hydrolipid barrier-supporting ingredients, offering a holistic approach to daily sun protection. Choosing the right cream depends on individual preferences, skin type, purpose and lifestyle – those active outdoors, children, people with allergies or problematic skin may choose different solutions than those with oily skin, wearing makeup or looking for innovative, lightweight formulas for everyday use.
How do I choose the right sunscreen for my face and body?
Choosing the right face and body sunscreen is a key part of effective protection against harmful UV rays. First of all, you should be guided by the SPF rating, tailored to your own needs – people with fair skin, prone to sunburn, should choose filters with a minimum of SPF 30 or higher, while those with darker skin can consider lower values, although dermatologists stress that even they require daily UV protection. Another important aspect is the spectrum of protection – look for creams that offer broad-spectrum protection against both UVB (responsible for erythema and burns) and UVA (which accelerates skin aging and contributes to hyperpigmentation and cancer). Look for products labeled “broad spectrum” or with special UVA logos that guarantee protection against this type of radiation as well. For a comprehensive effect, also pay attention to the presence of skin care ingredients: creams with added antioxidants, hyaluronic acid or vitamins (such as E and C) not only protect, but also promote the regeneration of skin in contact with the sun. The composition of the product base is also important – people with oily or acne-prone skin should reach for light emulsions, gels or oil-free creams with mattifying and non-comedogenic properties, which do not clog pores, while those with very dry and sensitive skin can choose richer formulas with soothing and strongly moisturizing substances. Special attention should be paid to mineral filters, especially recommended for children, allergy sufferers or owners of atopic skin – they also work well for skin after aesthetic medicine procedures. Chemical filters, on the other hand, are valued for their easy absorption, lack of whitening and comfort in daily application, which is important for active people and those who care about the aesthetic finish of their makeup.
When choosing a sunscreen for the face and body, it is worth noting that these areas have different needs – facial skin is more delicate and prone to irritation. It is recommended to use dedicated face creams that have been tested for non-comedogenicity, hypoallergenicity and easy compatibility with other skin care products or makeup. For the body, especially in summer, lightweight lotions, balms and sprays in larger volumes are best, making it easier to apply evenly and quickly replenish protection throughout the day. For those who are physically active, waterproof and sweat-resistant formulas that last even during sports or swimming are recommended. The presence of photostable filters can also be important – such products do not lose their effectiveness during sun exposure. When choosing a cosmetic for children, you need to make sure that it has the appropriate certificates and recommendations of dermatological societies, and that it does not contain unnecessary irritants such as fragrances or dyes. Don’t forget about individual preferences for consistency, fragrance and the application method itself, as a product that suits the user is more likely to be used willingly and regularly – and only the systematic use of UV filters provides real protection from the sun. Remember, too, that sunscreen should be the last step in your skin care before going out in the sun, and for makeup, you can reach for specialized mists or powders with UV protection, which will allow you to easily refresh your protection throughout the day without having to wash off your makeup. It is worthwhile to precede the selection of the ideal sunscreen with an analysis of your own needs, skin type and level of outdoor activity, in order to effectively protect yourself throughout the year and prolong the youthful, healthy appearance of your skin, regardless of the circumstances.
Proper application of sunscreen – the most common mistakes and recommendations
Proper application of sunscreen is one of the most important factors for effective UV protection. Unfortunately, even the best product will not work properly if it is not applied properly. One of the most common mistakes is not applying enough – according to the recommendations of dermatologists, we should apply about 1.25-1.5 ml of cream on the face, which is roughly equivalent to the amount that fits on two fingers (the so-called two finger method), while on the whole body of an adult – about 30 ml, the volume of a standard vodka glass. Another mistake is irregular application – many people apply sunscreen only in the morning, just before going out, forgetting the need to reapply every 2-3 hours, especially after bathing, sweating heavily or wiping the skin with a towel. Also, don’t forget to apply the product at least 15-20 minutes before going out, so the formula has time to bind to the epidermis and provide optimal protection. An equally significant problem is overlooking certain areas of the body, such as the ears, neck, nape, backs of the hands, feet and hairline, which are just as exposed to UV rays as the more obvious parts of the body. It’s also worth remembering that some skin care products, such as foundations with SPF, have a lower protection factor than a classic sunscreen, and the amount applied with makeup is too small to provide a proper protective barrier, so color cosmetics should not be considered a substitute for sunscreen.
Among the recommended practices, it is worth paying special attention to regularity and thoroughness of application. The sunscreen should be the last step of your daily skin care routine – after cleansing the skin, applying serums and moisturizers. In order to maintain the effectiveness of the protection, it is necessary to renew the layer of the filter not only during intensive sunbathing, but also during daily activities, staying in the city or while driving – UVA radiation can penetrate through the glass of windows and cars. For repeated application, lightweight face formulas, mists or powders with SPF, which can be applied even over makeup, will work great. Only the correct technique of spreading the cream, without rubbing it in until it is completely absorbed, allows the proper thickness of the protective layer to be maintained; too vigorous massaging can mechanically reduce the tightness and evenness of application. Also, avoid using products with expired SPF or poorly stored products, as filters can lose their properties when exposed to heat and light. People with sensitive or allergy-prone skin should choose creams tailored to their skin type and it is mandatory to test the product before full application. When applying sunscreen, do not forget additional protection in the form of UV-filtered glasses, wide-brimmed hats and protective clothing – chemical and mineral filters are only one layer of effective sun prevention, so a comprehensive approach increases the chances of maintaining healthy and youthful skin. Improper application of sunscreen means that protection can drop by up to several times, thereby increasing the risk of burns, hyperpigmentation and long-term skin damage, so proper sunscreen habits are an essential investment in health and a beautiful appearance for years to come.
How often and where to apply sunscreen? – Practical tips
Regular and sufficiently frequent application of sunscreen is crucial if you want to effectively protect your skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Specialists recommend that sunscreen should be applied to all exposed skin at least 15-20 minutes before planned sun exposure, allowing the active ingredients to be fully absorbed and building an effective protective barrier. In your daily routine, regardless of the season, sunscreen should be applied every morning as the last step of your skin care routine – even if you don’t plan to spend the day outdoors. This is because UV radiation penetrates through windowpanes and also arrives on cloudy days. If you are out in the sun, the key lesson for maintaining a consistent level of protection is to reapply the cream every 2-3 hours. This frequency is due to the natural abrasion of the product when sweating, touching the face or wiping the skin. Special attention should be paid to situations where there is a risk of removing the protective layer – after swimming in water, playing sports, sweating heavily or towel drying, it is necessary to immediately reapply an adequate amount of product. Even if the cream is described as waterproof, it does not mean that it protects for the whole day – water resistance only indicates that the protective effect is maintained longer in contact with water, but each bath shortens this time. It’s worth remembering that to achieve the claimed protection, you need to apply the cream in the right amount – a minimum of 1.25-1.5 ml of the product (which is roughly equivalent to the length of two index fingers) is recommended for the face and neck alone, while about 30 ml is needed for the entire body of an adult (that is, an amount that fits into a large handful).
As important as the frequency of application is the precise coverage of all body parts exposed to UV radiation. The most commonly forgotten areas are the ears, neck, hairline, eyelids, nose, lips, palms, tops of the feet and the skin under the clothing line, which can become exposed during movement or sports. Those who are balding or have short haircuts should also take care to protect their scalp by applying sunscreen or wearing a head covering. For the delicate area around the eyes and eyelids, specially formulated creams or sticks with mineral filters can be used to avoid irritation. Creams or lotions with filters should be spread evenly over the skin, not missing any part; avoid rubbing in only a minimal layer, and be sure to be mindful of areas particularly prone to burns, such as the shoulders, neck, nose and décolletage. When using color cosmetics with SPF (foundations, powders or BB creams), do not consider them as your main protection – the amount of product you apply for aesthetic effects is usually too little to provide protection equivalent to the declared SPF value. If your makeup requires an earlier application of sunscreen, you can reapply protection during the day using a mist, spray or powder with sunscreen. It is also important to remember to replace the product regularly – sunscreen creams lose their effectiveness after the expiration date, and old, out-of-date cosmetics do not guarantee the declared protection. Pregnant women, children, people with very light complexions and those using photosensitizing drugs should introduce even more caution and take care to reapply the sunscreen more often and wear additional protective accessories, such as sunglasses and hats. Correct application technique and consistency in repetition are essential to effectively minimize the risk of burns, discoloration and long-term UV damage to the skin.
Summary
Protecting your skin from harmful UV rays is one of the most important parts of daily skin care, regardless of the season. When choosing the right sunscreen, pay attention to the type of filter, SPF level and adjust the product to your skin type. Proper application and regular application of the cream, including to less visible parts of the body, guarantees effective protection and delays the aging process. Remember that even the highest sunscreen does not allow you to expose your skin to the sun with impunity – moderation and good application is the key to healthy, well-groomed skin all year round.
