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First symptoms of pregnancy

For many women, the suspicion of pregnancy is a time full of extreme emotions – from joy and excitement to uncertainty and fear. Early recognition of the signals sent by the body allows you to take appropriate steps faster, and above all, to take care of your own health and potentially developing new life early. However, it is important to understand that each woman’s body is different and can react differently to hormonal changes accompanying pregnancy. Not all women will experience the same symptoms, and their severity and time of appearance can be very individual, which also applies to the lack of a period.

When can we expect the first signals? Biological clock and early pregnancy

Approximate time of appearance of the first symptoms

The moment when a woman begins to feel the first symptoms of pregnancy is a very individual matter. Subtle changes can be noticeable as early as about 1-2 weeks after conception , which often corresponds to 3-4 weeks of pregnancy, counted from the first day of the last menstrual period. For many women, more pronounced and unambiguous symptoms become felt around the 4th-6th week of pregnancy , often during the period when the next menstrual period would be expected, or just after noticing its absence. It also happens that some women do not notice any specific symptoms until the menstrual bleeding delays.

It is worth remembering that the gestational age is normally counted from the first day of the last menstrual period, and not from the actual day of conception, which usually takes place about two weeks after the start of the cycle. This method of calculation can sometimes be confusing for women trying to pinpoint when the first signs appear.

The role of hormonal changes as silent directors of early pregnancy

Most of the early symptoms of pregnancy are caused by a real hormonal storm that begins in the woman’s body almost immediately after conception. Three hormones play a key role here: chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), progesterone and estrogens.

• Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG): This hormone begins to be produced by the embryo shortly after its implantation in the uterine wall. Its levels in the blood and urine rise sharply in the first weeks of pregnancy, which is the basis for pregnancy tests. It is β-hCG that is often associated with nausea and vomiting.
• Progesterone: Called pregnancy support hormone, it plays a key role in preparing the lining of the uterus for the embryo and in maintaining pregnancy at an early stage. High levels of progesterone are also responsible for a number of other symptoms, such as feeling tired and drowsi, swollen and tender breasts, mood swings, as well as slowed intestinal peristalsis, which can lead to bloating and constipation.
• Estrogens: Estrogen levels also rise, affecting uterine growth, the development of mammary glands in the breasts, and an increase in the volume of circulating blood.

It is these dynamic hormonal changes, necessary for the proper development of pregnancy, that are also the cause of many, often uncomfortable, ailments experienced by the future mother.

The variability of the early symptoms of pregnancy is so great that it can be a source of considerable uncertainty for the woman. Medical data and patient accounts indicate a wide range of experiences – from very early and severe symptoms, appearing even before the expected menstrual period , to their complete absence or subtle signals that are easy to overlook. This unpredictability and the lack of a universal model mean that women, especially those actively trying to conceive or fearing an unplanned pregnancy, can feel stress and constantly analyze the signals coming from the body. Comparing your experiences with descriptions found on Internet forums can further increase anxiety if the observed symptoms differ from those “textbook”. That is why it is so important to emphasize that the absence of typical symptoms does not exclude pregnancy, and their presence does not always definitively confirm it. It is crucial to pay attention to objective diagnostic methods.

The most common early symptoms of pregnancy – the ABC of the future mother

Although every pregnancy is different, there is a group of symptoms that statistically occur most often and are commonly associated with the first weeks after conception. Knowing these signals can help a woman get to know the situation more quickly and take appropriate action.

Stopping menstruation: a classic, but not the only indicator

For many women, especially those with regular cycles, the lack of menstruation on the expected date is the first and most obvious sign of pregnancy. This is the result of hormonal changes, primarily the persistently high level of progesterone, which prevents the exfoliation of the endometrium, i.e. the lining of the uterus.

However, it should be remembered that in women with irregular menstrual cycles, delayed bleeding may be a less conclusive indicator. What’s more, there are many other causes of amenorrhea, unrelated to pregnancy. These include, among others: severe stress, intense physical activity, rapid weight change (both drop and gain), eating disorders, long journeys with a change of climate zone, as well as various hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disease, or approaching menopause. Also, some medications can affect the regularity of the cycle. Therefore, while stopping menstruation is a key symptom, it is not definitive proof of pregnancy and always requires further verification, especially if there are other potential causes for the condition.

Fatigue and Drowsiness: When the Body Is Working at Full Throttle

Unusual, often overwhelming feelings of fatigue and excessive sleepiness are some of the most commonly reported early symptoms of pregnancy. They can appear in the first weeks after fertilization. From the very beginning of pregnancy, the woman’s body does a great deal of work, adapting to the new situation and providing optimal conditions for the development of the embryo.

The main cause of this condition is a significant increase in progesterone levels, which has a calming and sleep-inducing effect. Additionally, increased metabolism, the need to share energy and nutrients with the developing baby , and general neurohormonal changes all contribute to feelings of exhaustion. To help yourself, it is recommended to take care of rest, adequate sleep and a balanced diet that provides the necessary nutrients.

However, fatigue is a very non-specific symptom and can accompany many other conditions, such as sleep deprivation, anemia, chronic stress, vitamin deficiencies, infections, or thyroid disease. Therefore, it is important not to automatically attribute it to pregnancy and to consider other possible causes, especially if there are no other characteristic symptoms.

Changes in Breasts: Tenderness, Swelling, Darkening of the Nipple

Changes in the breast are among the earliest and most frequently felt signs of pregnancy. Women may experience pain, tenderness, swelling, heaviness, and even tingling in the breasts. These symptoms may appear as early as 1-2 weeks after conception or a little later, around 4-6 weeks of pregnancy. The darkening of the nipples and their areolas (areola) is also characteristic, which may become larger. Sometimes the veins on the surface of the breast become more visible.

The cause of these changes is a rapid increase in the level of sex hormones – estrogen and progesterone – which stimulate the development of mammary glands and ducts, preparing the breasts for future lactation. These ailments, although they can be troublesome, usually reduce their severity or disappear completely after the end of the first trimester of pregnancy, when the body gets used to the increased hormone levels.

It is worth noting that breast tenderness and pain can also accompany premenstrual syndrome (PMS). However, in the case of pregnancy, these complaints are often described as more intense and long-lasting. Other causes of breast pain include, m.in, hormonal changes during the cycle, the presence of cysts, mastopathy or wearing an ill-fitting bra.

Nausea and vomiting: morning, evening, all-day – how to cope?

Nausea, commonly known as “morning sickness”, is one of the most well-known symptoms of pregnancy. In fact, they can occur at any time of the day and even persist for most of the day. It is estimated that between 50% and even 80% of pregnant women experience them. Vomiting accompanies nausea less often, although some sources say that it may affect up to half of women struggling with nausea.

These symptoms usually appear between 2 and 8 weeks after conception , which corresponds to 4-6 weeks of pregnancy. The greatest severity of nausea is usually observed around 8-9 weeks of pregnancy, and in most women it disappears after 12-16 weeks. The main cause is a sharp increase in chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and other hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Additionally, increased sensitivity to smells and tastes can provoke or exacerbate nausea.

There are home remedies to relieve these ailments, such as eating frequent but small meals (to avoid an empty stomach), reaching for foods that relieve nausea (e.g. ginger, almonds), staying hydrated and getting enough rest can help relieve the symptoms of pregnancy immediately after conception. It should be remembered that nausea and vomiting can also have other causes, such as food poisoning, gastrointestinal infections, severe stress, migraine, or digestive diseases. Although nausea is commonly associated with pregnancy, not every woman experiences it, and its absence does not indicate abnormalities in the course of pregnancy.

More Frequent Visits to the Toilet: The Effect of Hormonal Changes and Uterine Compression

An increased need to urinate, or pollakiuria, is another typical symptom of early pregnancy. It can appear relatively early, around 4-6 weeks of pregnancy or a little later, between 6 and 8 weeks after conception.

Two main mechanisms are responsible for this condition. First, an increase in pregnancy hormones, especially progesterone and estrogen, leads to increased blood flow through the kidneys, resulting in increased urine production. Progesterone also has a relaxing effect on the pelvic smooth muscles, including the bladder muscles, which makes the pressure on the bladder feel faster. Secondly, the gradually enlarging uterus begins to exert more and more pressure on the bladder, reducing its capacity.

Pollakiuria often subsides or decreases in severity after the first trimester, when the uterus rises higher in the abdominal cavity, to often return in the third trimester, when the already large fetus presses on the bladder again. It is important to distinguish between physiological gestational pollakiuria and symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI), which can also manifest itself as a burning sensation during urination, pain in the suprapubic area or a change in the appearance or smell of urine and requires medical consultation and treatment. Other causes of pollakiuria include, m.in. Diabetes, excessive fluid intake or taking diuretics can lead to frequent urination during pregnancy.

Mood swings: an emotional hormonal merry-go-round

Early pregnancy is a period when many women experience violent mood swings. Increased irritability, a tendency to cry, sudden changes from euphoria to sadness, a feeling of anxiety or depression may appear. These emotional storms are often seen as early as the first month or first trimester of pregnancy.

The main cause of these changes is the dynamic fluctuations in hormone levels, especially progesterone and estrogen, which affect the functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain and thus the regulation of emotions. The awareness of pregnancy and the huge life changes it brings is also important, which can naturally cause mixed feelings.

It is important to understand that such mood swings are largely a normal response of the body to pregnancy. It can be helpful to have an open conversation with your partner, family or friends, as well as taking care of rest and relaxation techniques. However, it should be remembered that while some emotional instability is typical, severe depressive symptoms, a persistent sense of hopelessness or suicidal thoughts require absolute consultation with a specialist – a psychologist or psychiatrist.

Implantation spotting: a delicate sign of embryo implantation

Some women in early pregnancy may experience slight spotting or slight bleeding from the genital tract, called implantation spotting. It is usually light pink or brownish and lasts for a short time, from a few hours to a maximum of 1-3 days.

This spotting usually occurs about 6-12 days after ovulation and fertilization , which often coincides with the date of the expected menstruation. For this reason, it is sometimes confused with the onset of normal menstrual bleeding. The cause of implantation spotting is the process of implantation of the fertilized egg in the richly vascularized uterine lining (endometrium).

They are usually distinguished from typical menstruation by lower abundance, lighter color (although it can also be brown, which indicates older blood) and shorter duration. Implantation spotting does not occur in all pregnant women. It should be remembered that any unusual bleeding or spotting in early pregnancy should be consulted with a doctor to rule out other, potentially dangerous causes, such as ectopic pregnancy, imminent miscarriage, infections or cervical problems. Other causes of intermenstrual spotting are also ovulation, hormonal disorders, polyps or fibroids.

Lower abdominal pain: Similar to menstrual pain, but with a different cause

Mild pain, cramps, a pulling or stinging sensation in the lower abdomen are ailments that can appear at a very early stage of pregnancy. They often resemble the pain felt before or during menstruation, which can be confusing for a woman. They can occur as early as 1-2 weeks after conception or around the 4th week of pregnancy.

The cause of these ailments is most often the very process of implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, as well as the stretching of the ligaments supporting the uterus and the gradual growth of the uterus itself, which adapts to the growing embryo. Such “menstruation-like” abdominal pain is relatively common – according to some sources, it affects up to 80% of women in early pregnancy – and is usually not a cause for concern if it is mild and not accompanied by other alarming symptoms.

Nevertheless, any lower abdominal pain during pregnancy requires attention. Particularly worrying are severe, increasing, one-sided pains accompanied by bleeding (especially heavy bleeding, with clots), fever, weakness, dizziness or other disturbing symptoms. They may indicate serious complications, such as an ectopic pregnancy, a threatened miscarriage or an infection in the pelvic area, and require urgent medical consultation. Other causes of lower abdominal pain, not related to pregnancy, include, m.in, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, cystitis, appendicitis or irritable bowel syndrome.

Other common signals

In addition to the above, there are several other symptoms that may appear in early pregnancy:

• Increased basal body temperature: In women who regularly measure their basal body temperature (PTC) to monitor their cycle, persistence of an elevated temperature (usually above 37 degrees Celsius) for at least 18 days after ovulation, and especially for 3 weeks, can be a strong indication of early pregnancy. This is the effect of progesterone on the thermoregulation center in the hypothalamus.
• Changes in appetite (ravenous hunger or reluctance to eat): Many women experience changes in appetite. There may be a sudden, uncontrollable craving for certain foods (so-called pregnancy cravings) or, on the contrary, an aversion to previously liked foods and smells.
• Hypersensitivity to odors and tastes (including a metallic taste in the mouth): The senses of smell and taste can become extremely sharp. Odors that were previously neutral or pleasant can suddenly become irritating and even nauseating. Some women also report a distinctive, metallic taste in the mouth.

Many of these symptoms do not occur in isolation, but coexist and can even affect each other. For example, the aforementioned hypersensitivity to smells often intensifies nausea. Hormonal changes, which are the foundation of early pregnancy, have a multidirectional effect on the female body. Progesterone affects the breasts (causing tenderness), the nervous system (causing fatigue and mood swings), the digestive system (slowing down peristalsis, which leads to bloating and constipation, as well as relaxing the esophageal sphincter, which can result in heartburn) and the urinary system (relaxing the bladder muscles and increasing the frequency of voiding). The hCG hormone, on the other hand, is strongly associated with the occurrence of nausea and vomiting. As a result, a woman may experience a whole “bouquet” of symptoms that are related to cause and effect. Understanding these relationships can help you better interpret the signals your body sends and not treat each symptom as a separate, worrying problem, but as part of a larger picture of the physiological changes that occur in the body at the beginning of this unique journey.

The most common early symptoms of pregnancy – summary

Symptom	Possible time of onset (since last menstrual period)	Typical Features	Main hormonal/physiological causes
Stopping menstruation	Ok. 4. week (on the date of the expected menstrual period)	Lack of menstrual bleeding is one of the first symptoms of pregnancy that should prompt a pregnancy test.	Persistently high levels of progesterone
Fatigue and drowsiness	From approx. 3-4. Week	Excessive, unusual fatigue, need for longer sleep	Increase in progesterone, increased metabolism, neurohormonal changes
Changes in the breasts	From approx. 3-6. Week	Tenderness, pain, swelling, feeling of heaviness, darkening of the nipples and areolas, visible veins	Increase in estrogen and progesterone, development of mammary glands
Nausea and/or vomiting	From approx. 4-6. Week	They can occur at any time of the day, individual severity	A sharp increase in hCG, estrogen, progesterone; hypersensitivity to smells/tastes
Pollakiuria	From approx. 4-8. Week	Increased frequency of urination	Increase in hormones (increased blood flow through the kidneys, urine production), pressure of the enlarging uterus on the bladder, relaxing effect of progesterone on the bladder muscles
Mood swings are a common symptom during pregnancy that can be caused by hormonal changes.	From approx. 4. of the week when mucus may occur during pregnancy, it is worth paying attention to any changes in the body.	Irritability, tearfulness, emotional volatility, anxiety	Hormonal fluctuations (estrogens, progesterone) affecting neurotransmitters
Implantation spotting	Approx. 6-12 days after conception (approx. 3-4 weeks)	Minor, short-term (1-3 days) spotting, light pink or brownish	Implantation of the embryo in the endometrium
Lower abdominal pain	From approx. 3-4. Week	Mild, cramping or stabbing pains, similar to menstrual pain	Embryo implantation, uterine hyperplasia, uterine ligament stretching
Increased basal body temperature	Persisting >18 days after ovulation	Body temperature >37°C maintained for min. 3 weeks after ovulation	Effect of progesterone on the thermoregulation medium
Changes in appetite/taste/smell	From approx. 4-6. Week	Cravings, food aversions, hypersensitivity to smells, metallic taste in the mouth	Hormonal changes, the impact of hCG

Less typical, but equally important symptoms of early pregnancy

In addition to the well-known, classic symptoms of pregnancy, a woman’s body can send a number of other, less obvious signals. Knowing them is important because it broadens the perspective and can help in faster diagnosis of pregnancy, especially in situations where typical symptoms are poorly expressed or non-existent. Understanding that even seemingly trivial but unusual or persistent ailments can be related to early pregnancy encourages greater attention to one’s own body.

Skin lesions

Early pregnancy can manifest itself in a variety of skin lesions as a result of a hormonal storm:

• Discoloration (chloasma, linea nigra): Under the influence of increased melanin production, stimulated by pregnancy hormones, darker spots may appear on the skin. They are most often located on the face (the so-called chloasma or pregnancy mask), hands, and also in the form of a vertical line running from the navel down (linea nigra). The skin around the armpits, navel and external genitals may also darken. Most of these discolorations gradually disappear after childbirth.
• Vascular “spider veins” (telangiectasias): On the skin, especially on the face, neck, décolleté and arms, small, dilated blood vessels may appear, resembling spider veins. This is the result of the increased amount of circulating blood and the action of estrogens, which affect the walls of the vessels.
• Pregnancy acne: Some women, even those who have not had skin problems before, may develop acne during pregnancy. This is associated with increased production of sebum (skin sebum) under the influence of hormonal changes.

Digestive Discomfort (except nausea)

The digestive system is particularly sensitive to hormonal changes in early pregnancy, which can lead to a number of ailments:

• Bloating and gas: A feeling of fullness, abdominal distension and excessive gas passing are common problems. The main culprit is progesterone, which has a relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the intestines, slowing down their peristalsis and the digestive process.
• Constipation: Slowed bowel function combined with increased water absorption in the large intestine, also under the influence of progesterone, often leads to constipation.
• Heartburn: An unpleasant burning sensation behind the breastbone, backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus, can appear early in pregnancy. This is the result of both the action of progesterone, which relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter muscle, and the gradual pressure of the enlarging uterus on the stomach (although the latter factor is more important in later trimesters).
• Diarrhea: Although constipation is more common, some women in early pregnancy, especially if accompanied by uterine contractions, may experience diarrhea.

Flu-like symptoms

Sometimes the first signs of pregnancy can be confusingly similar to the symptoms of an impending cold or flu:

• Low-grade fever, shattering, chills, muscle pain: Such symptoms may be the result of a systemic reaction of the body to hormonal changes and the presence of a developing embryo.
• Runny nose and stuffy nose (gestational rhinitis): The increased volume of fluids circulating in the body of a pregnant woman can lead to swelling of the nasal mucosa, causing a feeling of congestion, runny nose and sometimes even sneezing. In some cases, due to increased mucosal congestion and fragility of the capillaries, minor nosebleeds may occur.
• Headaches and dizziness: They can be caused by hormonal fluctuations, a drop in blood pressure (which is common in early pregnancy), as well as low blood sugar levels, especially if they are accompanied by nausea and vomiting that make it difficult to eat regularly.

Other unusual symptoms

The spectrum of less typical symptoms of early pregnancy is broad and includes:

• Increased vaginal discharge (vaginal discharge): Many women observe the appearance of thick, milky or transparent, sticky vaginal discharge. It is a physiological phenomenon resulting from an increase in estrogen and progesterone levels and increased blood flow in the genital area. Such secretion, if it is odorless and not accompanied by itching or burning, has a protective function. However, any change in the nature of the discharge (unpleasant smell, yellowish or greenish color, lumpy consistency, accompanying itching or burning) may indicate an infection and requires medical consultation.
• Urinary incontinence: Some women, even at an early stage of pregnancy, may develop a problem with urinary incontinence, e.g. due to the implantation of the embryo in the uterus. when coughing, sneezing or laughing. This is caused by both hormonal changes affecting the pelvic floor muscles and the gradual pressure of the enlarging uterus on the bladder.
• Snoring: It can be the result of the aforementioned swelling of the nasal mucosa, and later in pregnancy also the pressure of the enlarged abdomen on the diaphragm, which makes it difficult to breathe freely during sleep.
• Excessive salivation (ptyalism gravidarum): Some women experience a significant increase in saliva production, which can be very troublesome.
• Bleeding gums: Under the influence of increased levels of progesterone, the gums become more swollen, congested and sensitive. This increases their susceptibility to injuries (e.g. when brushing teeth) and to the development of gum inflammation (so-called pregnancy gingivitis) under the influence of plaque bacteria.
• Changes in the condition of hair and nails: The reaction of hair to pregnancy varies – in some women, their condition may improve, they become thicker and shinier. Others, especially with coexisting nutritional deficiencies or after recent discontinuation of hormonal contraception, may experience increased hair loss. Nails, on the other hand, can become thinner, more brittle and softer.
• Breathlessness: Even early in pregnancy, some women may experience slight shortness of breath or the need to breathe deeper. This is related to the increased demand of the body for oxygen, which is necessary for the developing fetus.
• Pain: Although back pain is more characteristic of the later stages of pregnancy, in some women it can appear at the beginning of pregnancy, often in the lumbar region.
• Hot flashes and increased sweating: They can be the result of increased levels of pregnancy hormones and accelerated metabolism.
• Palpitations: Hormonal changes can occasionally cause a feeling of palpitations. However, if it is frequent, long-lasting or accompanied by other disturbing symptoms, it requires medical consultation.

Many of these “unusual” symptoms, such as runny nose, bloating, acne or fatigue, are so common in everyday life or easily attributed to other, more mundane ailments (such as colds, stress or improper diet) that they may not be immediately associated with the possibility of pregnancy. A woman experiencing, for example, a slight runny nose and bloating is less likely to think about pregnancy than one who has experienced amenorrhea and typical morning sickness. Meanwhile, the hormonal “revolution” of early pregnancy affects the functioning of many body systems, hence such a wide spectrum of possible manifestations. Some of these symptoms, such as bleeding gums, may be the first signs of pregnancy as soon as the embryo implants in the uterus. or skin lesions are a direct result of the action of pregnancy hormones on specific tissues. Others, such as snoring , may be a more indirect effect (e.g. swelling of the nasal mucosa). Being aware of these less obvious signals is extremely important, as they may be the only or dominant symptoms in some women, or they may appear earlier than the “classic” ones. That is why it is so important to take a holistic view of well-being and not to underestimate even seemingly trivial, but persistent or unusual changes, especially if there is a possibility of pregnancy. “Atypical” in this context does not always mean “rare” when we consider the individuality of each organism’s response.

Pregnancy Confirmation – From Home Test to Specialist Visit

The appearance of one or more of the described symptoms may raise the suspicion of pregnancy, but none of them, even stopping menstruation, gives one hundred percent certainty. Definitive confirmation of pregnancy requires appropriate tests and consultation with a gynecologist.

Home Pregnancy Tests: The First Step to Certainty

Home pregnancy tests, available over the counter in pharmacies and drugstores, are usually the first step taken by women to verify suspected pregnancy. Their action is based on the detection of a specific hormone in the urine – chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), which is produced by the developing embryo (and later the placenta) shortly after implantation.

There are several types of pregnancy tests available on the market that can be performed if you do not have your period.

• Plate tests (cassette): They require collecting a urine sample into a clean, dry container and then applying a few drops of urine using the included pipette to a special window on the test plate.
• Stream tests: They are convenient to use because their absorbent tip is placed directly under the urine stream for a few seconds.
• Strip tests: They involve immersing a test strip in a urine sample collected in a container, to a marked level.
• Digital tests: The result is presented on an electronic display, often in the form of a “+” or “-” sign, the words “yes” or “no”, and some models can even estimate the week of pregnancy.

To get the most reliable result, it is best to take a home pregnancy test on the day of your expected period or a few days after your period. Although some, more sensitive tests (the so-called ultra-sensitive tests, detecting hCG at the level of 5-10 mIU/ml) can give a positive result even 7-10 days after intercourse, i.e. about 8 days after ovulation , performing the test too early carries the risk of obtaining a false negative result, due to too low hCG concentration in the urine. In the case of very early pregnancy, it is recommended to perform a test from the first urine sample in the morning, which is the most concentrated and contains the highest concentration of hCG. In the later weeks of pregnancy, when hCG levels are already much higher, the time of day of the test is less important.

The interpretation of the test result depends on the test type, but in the case of traditional tests (plate, stream, strip), the principle is similar:

• Positive result (pregnancy): Two distinct lines appear, one in the control field (C) to confirm that the test is working properly, and one in the test field (T) to indicate the presence of hCG. Even if the T-bar is fainter or lighter than the C-field, the result is considered positive, provided that the C-bar is visible.
• Negative result (no pregnancy): Only one line appears – in the control field (C). The absence of a dash in the test field (T) means that the test did not detect hCG at a concentration sufficient to confirm pregnancy.
• Invalid (erroneous) result: The absence of any dash or the appearance of only a dash in the test field (T) without a dash in the control field (C) indicates that the test was performed incorrectly or is defective. In this case, the test should be repeated using a new pack.

Be aware of the possibility of false results. A false positive result (the test indicates a pregnancy that is not present) is rare, but it can occur, for example, after a recent miscarriage or childbirth (when hCG is still present in the body), while taking certain hormonal medications used to treat infertility, and in very rare cases it can be associated with certain conditions, such as cancers that produce hCG. A false negative result is much more common (the test does not show pregnancy, even though it exists). The most common reasons are: taking the test too early (too low hCG levels), an error during the test (e.g. taking an incorrect urine sample, reading the result too short or too long – always follow the manufacturer’s instructions), using too diluted urine (e.g. after drinking a lot of fluids just before the test) or using an expired test. If the test result is negative and menstruation still does not occur and symptoms suggestive of pregnancy persist, it is worth repeating the test after a few days or consulting a doctor.

Comparison of home pregnancy tests

Test Type	How to use (short description)	The advantages of early pregnancy diagnosis are the ability to react quickly and go to the doctor immediately.	Disadvantages	Indicative sensitivity (example)
Plate	Apply a few drops of urine (from the container) with a pipette to the plate.	Relatively cheap, precise.	It requires collecting urine in a container, a little more activity.	10-25 mIU/ml is the range of beta hcg, which is important in the diagnosis of pregnancy.
Streaming	Placing the test tip directly under the urine stream.	Very convenient and hygienic to use, fast.	Usually slightly more expensive than plate ones.	10-25 mIU/ml
A pregnancy test strip can help detect beta hcg in your urine.	Immersion of the strip in a urine sample (from a container).	The simplest and often the cheapest.	The result may be more difficult to read for some people.	20-25 mIU/ml
Digital	Similar to stream or requires urine.	An easy-to-read result (verbal or symbolic), some give the week of pregnancy.	By far the most expensive, single-use (like most tests).	Model-dependent (e.g. 25 mIU/ml)

Beta-hCG Blood Test: The Most Accurate Confirmation and Assessment of Gestational Age

Testing the concentration of chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) in the blood is the most accurate method of confirming early pregnancy. It can be performed earlier than a urine test – some sources say even 6-10 days after conception , although the greatest credibility is obtained by performing it about 7-14 days after the expected menstrual period. This test is much more sensitive than urine tests and allows not only to confirm pregnancy, but also to assess its age and monitor its normal development at a very early stage, by observing the dynamics of the increase in hormone levels.

The interpretation of the results consists in comparing the obtained beta-hCG concentration with the reference norms for individual weeks of pregnancy. It is generally assumed that a result below 5 mIU/ml means that you are not pregnant. In a normally developing pregnancy, beta-hCG levels should rise rapidly, roughly doubling every 48-72 hours in the first few weeks. However, it is important to note that standards may vary slightly between laboratories depending on the analytical method used.

Although testing for beta-hCG from the blood is considered very reliable , in very rare cases, elevated levels of this hormone may indicate conditions other than normal pregnancy, such as biochemical pregnancy (very early miscarriage), black cohosh, and extremely rarely, certain types of cancer. Therefore, each beta-hCG test result should be interpreted by a doctor in the context of the clinical picture and other tests. A blood test for beta-hCG usually does not require any special preparation (e.g. fasting), and blood can be drawn at any time of the day.

Indicative norms of beta-hCG in pregnancy (mIU/ml)

Week of pregnancy (since last menstrual period)	Beta-hCG Value Range (mIU/mL)
Week 3	5 – 70
Week 4	10 – 750
Week 5	200 – 7100
Week 6	160 – 32000
7-8. week	3700 – 160000
9-12. week	25700 – 288000
13-16. week	13300 – 254000
17-24. week (second trimester)	1400 – 53000 / 4060 – 165400
25-40. week (third trimester)	940 – 60000 / 3640 – 117000

First Visit to the Gynecologist: A Key Moment for the Health of Mom and Baby

After obtaining a positive pregnancy test, the next and extremely important step is to make an appointment with a gynaecologist for the first time. It is recommended that it take place between the 6th and 8th week of pregnancy, counting from the first day of the last menstrual period. This is the optimal time, because usually then it is already possible to visualize the gestational follicle in the uterine cavity in an ultrasound examination and record the heart activity of the embryo. An earlier visit (even before the 6th week) is recommended in the case of women with chronic diseases, obstetric history (e.g. previous miscarriages, complicated pregnancies) or if there are worrying symptoms.

When preparing for the first visit, it is worth gathering some important information: the date of the last menstrual period, information about the regularity of cycles, past systemic and gynecological diseases, surgeries, medications taken on a regular basis, allergies and the course of possible previous pregnancies and births. It is also a good idea to take with you the results of any tests you have done so far related to your current situation (e.g. pregnancy test result, beta-hCG test) and prepare a list of questions you would like to ask the doctor. Before the visit, you should take care of standard intimate hygiene.

The first pregnancy visit is usually comprehensive and includes checking for beta hcg and recognizing the first symptoms of pregnancy.

• Detailed medical and obstetric history: Your doctor will ask you questions about your health, medical history, lifestyle, symptoms, and the information mentioned earlier.
• Gynaecological examination: It includes the evaluation of the external and internal genitals, examination in speculums and two-handed examination. Depending on the needs and the date of the last cytology, the doctor may collect material for this test.
• Vaginal ultrasound (transvaginal – USG-TV): This is a key element of the first visit. It allows for the final confirmation of pregnancy, determination of its location (which is extremely important for the exclusion of ectopic pregnancy), assessment of gestational age based on embryo measurements, determination of the number of embryos and, if the pregnancy is sufficiently advanced (usually from 6-7 weeks), visualization and assessment of fetal heart function.
• Anthropometric measurements: Measuring blood pressure, body weight and calculating BMI.

During this visit, the doctor will also order a package of laboratory tests necessary to assess the health of the future mother and properly monitor pregnancy. As standard, these are:

• Blood type and Rh factor: This test is crucial, m.in. for determining the risk of serological conflict between mother and child.
• Blood count: It allows for the assessment of general health, detection of possible anemia (anemia), which is common in pregnancy.
• General urinalysis: It is used to assess kidney function and detect possible urinary tract infections, which may be asymptomatic during pregnancy.
• Fasting glucose: Gestational diabetes screening should be performed during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby.
• Tests for infectious diseases: Tests for HIV, hepatitis B (HBsAg) and C (anti-HCV), syphilis (WR), toxoplasmosis (IgG and IgM antibodies), rubella (IgG, IgM) and cytomegalovirus (IgG, IgM).
• TSH: A test to assess the function of the thyroid gland, the proper functioning of which is extremely important for the development of the fetus.

A pregnancy card will also be set up at your first visit to monitor your pregnancy symptoms and due date. pregnancy card. This is an official medical document that will record all relevant information about the course of pregnancy, test results, measurements, medical recommendations and dates of subsequent visits. The pregnancy card should always be carried with you, especially when going to the hospital or for other medical consultations, as it is the main source of information about the health of the pregnant woman. The doctor will also give the first recommendations regarding supplementation (especially folic acid), diet, physical activity and will discuss the plan for further prenatal care. It is also a great time to ask the doctor all the bothering questions.

List of tests ordered at the first pregnancy visit

Study name	Aim of the study
Blood type and Rh factor	Determination of blood type, prevention of serological conflict.
Complete blood count	Assessment of general health, detection of anemia, inflammation.
General urinalysis	Assessment of kidney function, detection of urinary tract infections, proteinuria, glycosuria.
Fasting blood glucose	Screening for gestational diabetes.
HIV testing	Detection of HIV infection.
HCV (anti-HCV) testing	Detection of hepatitis C infection
HBs Antigen (HBsAg)	Detection of hepatitis B infection
Syphilis test (VDRL or WR)	Detection of syphilis infection.
Testing for toxoplasmosis (IgG, IgM)	Assessment of immunity or active infection with toxoplasmosis.
Rubella test (IgG, IgM)	Assessment of immunity or active rubella infection.
Cytomegalovirus test (IgG, IgM)	Assessment of immunity or active cytomegalovirus infection (often recommended, not always reimbursed).
TSH	Assessment of thyroid function.

The entire process, from the first suspicion of pregnancy, through performing a home test, a possible blood test, to the first visit to the gynecologist, requires a woman to take active steps and make informed decisions. The availability of home pregnancy tests gives the possibility of quick, initial self-diagnosis in comfortable, intimate conditions. However, as mentioned, their reliability depends on a number of factors, including proper execution and a timely manner. Beta-hCG blood testing offers much more certainty and more accurate information, but involves a visit to a collection point. The final, medical confirmation of pregnancy and, most importantly, the start of professional prenatal care, takes place only during a visit to a gynecologist. This multi-stage process involves the woman in actively managing her health and making key decisions. That is why it is so important not to delay a visit to a specialist after obtaining a positive pregnancy test result in order to receive appropriate medical care for yourself and your developing baby as early as possible.

Is it really pregnancy? Differentiation of symptoms

Many of the early symptoms of pregnancy are non-specific, which means that they can also occur in other situations or be symptoms of various diseases. That is why it is so important not to base the diagnosis solely on subjective feelings, but to strive for objective confirmation of pregnancy.

Pregnancy symptoms and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – how to tell them apart?

One of the most common dilemmas women have is distinguishing between the early signs of pregnancy and the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Many ailments, such as breast tenderness and pain, a feeling of fatigue, mood swings, pain in the lower abdomen or bloating, can occur both before menstruation and at the beginning of pregnancy, which can be very misleading. However, there are some subtle differences that can help distinguish between the two, although the final answer can only be given by a pregnancy test and amenorrhea:

• Amenorrhoea: This is the most significant difference. In the case of PMS, symptoms usually disappear or significantly less with the onset of menstrual bleeding. Menstruation does not occur during pregnancy.
• Nausea and vomiting: Although some women with severe PMS may experience slight nausea, the typical, often morning (although it can occur at any time) nausea and vomiting are much more characteristic of early pregnancy.
• Implantation spotting: Slight spotting or bleeding, appearing about 6-12 days after ovulation, can be an early sign of pregnancy. It does not occur in the typical course of PMS.
• Nipple color change: Darkening of the nipples and their areolas is a symptom typical of pregnancy, not found in PMS.
• Persistence of elevated basal body temperature: If a woman monitors her basal body temperature, staying elevated for more than 18 days after ovulation strongly suggests pregnancy. In the case of PMS, the temperature drops just before or with the start of menstruation.
• Nature of breast pain: During pregnancy, breast pain and tenderness may be more intense, persistent, and last longer than with PMS. Breasts may also be more swollen and “full”.

Pregnancy Symptoms vs. PMS Symptoms – Main Differences

Symptom	Early pregnancy	PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)
Menstruation	Lack	It appears, the symptoms disappear or ease
Nausea/Vomiting	Frequent, may be severe	Infrequent, usually mild nausea (if any)
Changes in the breasts	Significant tenderness, pain, swelling, darkening of the nipples, visible veins	Tenderness, slight swelling, usually subsiding with menstruation
Fatigue	Often strong, unusual	It can occur, usually less intense
Mood swings	They can be intense, tearful, irritable	Frequent, irritability, sadness
Spotting	Possible implantation spotting (slight, short, pink/brown)	Usually none (sometimes slight spotting just before the period)
Increased basal body temperature	Remains elevated	Falls just before or with the start of menstruation
Appetite	Cravings or food aversions, changes in taste/smell perception may occur	Possible increased cravings (especially for sweets) or lack of appetite

Other conditions that may cause similar symptoms

It’s important to note that many of the symptoms that suggest pregnancy can also be a manifestation of other health conditions. That is why differential diagnosis is so crucial and not relying solely on subjective feelings:

• Amenorrhoea: As mentioned earlier, it can be caused by stress, hormonal disorders (e.g. PCOS, thyroid disease, hyperprolactinemia), intense physical exercise, rapid weight changes, certain medications, or approaching menopause.
• Nausea and vomiting: They can be a symptom of food poisoning, gastrointestinal infection (so-called stomach flu), migraine, severe stress, gallbladder diseases, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer disease, as well as a side effect of certain medications.
• Breast pain and tenderness: In addition to PMS, they can be associated with cyclical hormonal changes, the presence of cysts in the breasts, mastopathy (fibrocystic lesions), mastitis of the mammary gland, and even wearing an ill-fitting bra.
• Fatigue and weakness: They can accompany anemia (anemia), vitamin and mineral deficiencies, thyroid disease (especially hypothyroidism), diabetes, chronic infections, depression, or simply chronic sleep deprivation and overwork.
• Pollakiuria: It can be a signal of urinary tract infection (UTI), cystitis, diabetes (especially if it is accompanied by increased thirst), excessive fluid intake (especially diuretic drinks such as coffee or alcohol), or a side effect of certain medications.
• Lower abdominal pain: It may indicate endometriosis, appendicitis, ovarian cysts, appendicitis, irritable bowel syndrome, kidney stones, or the aforementioned urinary tract infections.
• Intermenstrual spotting: In addition to implantation spotting, it can be associated with ovulation, hormonal disorders, the presence of uterine polyps or fibroids, cervical erosion, genital infections, or the use of hormonal contraception .

Knowing that many of the symptoms of early pregnancy overlap with those of other, often less serious (such as PMS) but sometimes requiring medical intervention (such as infections or hormonal disorders) is crucial. Relying solely on subjective feelings to “diagnose” pregnancy is risky and can lead to unnecessary stress or, worse, delay in properly diagnosing another condition. Understanding that breast pain, for example, can be just as much a symptom of an upcoming period as it is of early pregnancy should lead to a more definitive look at evidence in the form of a pregnancy test. Knowledge of other possible causes of symptoms is also important so that in the event of a negative pregnancy test result and persistent worrying symptoms, the woman should see a doctor for further diagnostics. That is why the need for objective confirmation of pregnancy and not stopping at self-diagnosis based on symptoms should be so strongly emphasized. If worrying symptoms persist, even if the pregnancy test is negative, a medical consultation is always advisable.

The First Weeks of Pregnancy – How to Take Care of Yourself and Your Baby?

Confirmation of pregnancy is the moment from which a woman should take special care of her health and lifestyle, as it has a direct impact on the proper development of the fetus. The first weeks are crucial for organogenesis, i.e. the formation of all the baby’s organs.

Folic Acid: Essential for the Development of the Nervous System

Folic acid, or vitamin B9, plays an absolutely fundamental role in the proper development of the fetus, especially in its earliest stages. Its adequate level in the mother’s body significantly reduces the risk of the child developing severe congenital neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, anencephaly or myelomeningocele. The neural tube, from which the brain and spinal cord develop, closes very early, around the 4th week after fertilization, which is often before the woman finds out about the pregnancy. That is why folic acid supplementation is so important at the stage of planning pregnancy. Folic acid also supports the proper formation of the placenta, and its deficiencies can contribute to an increased risk of miscarriages. In addition, research indicates that an adequate supply of this vitamin can reduce the occurrence of other defects in the child, e.g. heart defects, urinary tract defects, or cleft lip and palate, and protect the mother from the development of preeclampsia.

According to the recommendations of the Polish Society of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (PTGiP), all women of childbearing age who may become pregnant should prophylactically supplement folic acid at a dose of 0.4 mg per day. It is best to start supplementation at least 12 weeks (optimally 3 months) before the planned conception and continue throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding.

• In the first trimester of pregnancy (up to the 12th week): the recommended dose is 0.4-0.8 mg per day.
• In the second and third trimester of pregnancy and during breastfeeding: the recommended dose is 0.6-0.8 mg per day.

Women at increased risk of folate deficiency or neural tube defects in the foetus (e.g. those who have already given birth to a child with such a defect, diabetic, obese, taking certain antiepileptic drugs or metformin, with gastrointestinal diseases that impair absorption) may need higher doses of folic acid, even 0.8 mg or 4 mg per day, but always after consultation and in accordance with the doctor’s recommendations.

Natural sources of folate in the diet are, m.in, green leafy vegetables (spinach, lettuce, kale, Brussels sprouts), broccoli, legumes, whole grains, nuts and some fruits. However, due to the poor absorption of folate from food and its imperishability during heat treatment, supplementation with synthetic folic acid is considered necessary to ensure adequate levels of this vitamin.

Diet during pregnancy: what to eat and what to avoid?

The diet of a pregnant woman has a huge impact on her well-being and on the health and proper development of the baby. The diet should be balanced, varied and rich in all the necessary nutrients: protein, complex carbohydrates, healthy fats, vitamins and minerals. It is recommended to eat 4-5 regular, smaller meals a day, which helps to keep blood sugar levels stable and prevents hunger pangs and some ailments, such as nausea. It is also extremely important to properly hydrate the body – drink about 2-2.5 liters of fluids a day, mainly still water, as well as weak herbal teas (after consulting a doctor).

The products recommended in the diet of a pregnant woman are, m.in:

• Lean meat (poultry, beef, veal) – always well cooked, baked or stewed.
• Sea fish (especially oily ones, such as salmon, mackerel, sardines, herring) – rich in omega-3 fatty acids, but limited to 1-2 servings per week and choosing those with a low mercury content. Predatory fish such as shark, swordfish, tuna (especially in large quantities) should be avoided.
• Eggs – a valuable source of protein and choline, always well cooked (hard-boiled, scrambled eggs well cut).
• Pasteurized dairy products (milk, natural yoghurts, kefir, cottage cheese) – a source of calcium and protein.
• Legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas, peas) – rich in vegetable protein and fiber.
• Wholegrain cereal products (wholemeal bread, coarse groats, brown rice, oatmeal) – a source of complex carbohydrates, fiber, B vitamins.
• Vegetables and fruit – at least 5 servings a day, multi-coloured, preferably raw or briefly steamed, always thoroughly washed before consumption.

Products to avoid or significantly reduce during pregnancy:

• Raw or undercooked meat (e.g. tartare, rare steaks, carpaccio), raw fish and seafood (e.g. sushi, oysters), raw eggs (e.g. in homemade mayonnaise, tiramisu, kogel-moglu) – risk of infection with dangerous bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella) or parasites (Toxoplasma gondii).
• Unpasteurized milk and its products (e.g. some blue cheeses, feta, camembert, brie made from unpasteurized milk, oscypek) – risk of Listeria infection. Always check the labels.
• Liver and other offal – consumed in excess can lead to an overdose of vitamin A, which in too large amounts is harmful to the fetus.
• Raw sprouts (e.g. mung beans, alfalfa, radishes) – can be contaminated with bacteria.
• Highly processed foods (e.g. instant meals, ready-made sauces, canned food, chips, salty snacks), fast food, sweets, sweetened carbonated drinks – provide mainly empty calories, excess sugar, salt, unhealthy trans fats and artificial additives, and have low nutritional value.
• Caffeine – it is recommended to limit your intake to a maximum of 200 mg per day, which is roughly equivalent to 1-2 cups of weak coffee. It should be remembered that caffeine is also found in strong tea, energy drinks, cola or chocolate.
• Certain herbs and herbal preparations – their use during pregnancy should always be consulted with a doctor, as some can be harmful.

Hygiene in food preparation is also extremely important: thorough washing of hands, vegetables and fruit, using separate boards for cutting raw meat and other products, as well as proper food storage.

Stimulants: Absolute Prohibition for the Good of the Child

The use of any stimulants during pregnancy is absolutely contraindicated and carries a serious risk to the health and development of the fetus.

• Alcohol: There is no safe dose of alcohol during pregnancy. Any amount of alcohol consumed passes through the placenta into the baby’s bloodstream and can lead to the development of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) or other FASD spectrum disorders. They result, m.in, in delayed physical and mental development, congenital defects of organs (including the heart and brain), characteristic changes in facial appearance, and problems with behavior and learning later in life. Therefore, complete abstinence from alcohol is recommended throughout pregnancy, and preferably also at the planning stage.
• Cigarettes (active and passive smoking): Tobacco smoke contains thousands of harmful chemicals that penetrate the body of the mother and child. Smoking during pregnancy significantly increases the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight of the baby, congenital defects (e.g. cleft lip and palate), respiratory problems in the baby (asthma, frequent infections), as well as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Secondhand inhalation of tobacco smoke should also be avoided.
• Drugs and other psychoactive substances: They are absolutely forbidden during pregnancy because they can lead to severe malformations, child addiction, premature birth, and even fetal death.

Physical Activity: Movement Is Health, Also During Pregnancy

Regular, moderate physical activity during pregnancy, as long as there are no medical contraindications, brings many benefits for both mother and baby. It helps maintain a healthy body weight, reduces the risk of developing gestational diabetes, hypertension, constipation, back pain, improves well-being, circulation, oxygenation of the body, and prepares the body for the effort of childbirth.

Safe forms of physical activity during pregnancy include, m.in:

• Walks (the most universal and accessible form of exercise)
• Swimming (perfectly relieves joints and spine)
• Nordic
• Special classes for pregnant women (yoga for pregnant women, Pilates for pregnant women, general gymnastics)
• Breathing exercises
• Exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles (so-called Kegel exercises).

Moderate aerobic exercise is recommended. Women who did not exercise regularly before pregnancy are advised to start with short, 15-minute sessions 3 times a week, gradually increasing the time and frequency of workouts to 30-45 minutes, even every day if you feel so willing. It is important to control your heart rate during exercise – it should not exceed about 140-156 beats per minute.

Activities to avoid during pregnancy:

• Contact and team sports (risk of abdominal injury)
• Extreme sports and sports with a high risk of falling (e.g. horse riding, downhill skiing, snowboarding, roller skating, climbing)
• Diving (risk of decompression sickness for the fetus)
• Intense strength training with heavy loads
• Exercises that require sudden jumps, jumps, sudden changes in direction of movement
• Exercises in a supine position (especially after the first trimester – risk of compression of the inferior vena cava)
• Exercising in high temperature and humidity (risk of overheating).

Before starting or continuing any physical activity during pregnancy, a woman should always consult her attending physician to make sure that there are no contraindications, especially during pregnancy. This is especially important for high-risk or complicated pregnancies to recognize the first signs of pregnancy.

Biochemical pregnancy: What does it mean and what is the prognosis?

The term “biochemical pregnancy” refers to the very early loss of pregnancy that occurs shortly after the embryo implants in the uterus, even before the pregnancy becomes visible on ultrasound examination (ultrasound). The only confirmation of such a pregnancy is usually a positive pregnancy test (urine or blood) that detects the presence of the hCG hormone. Unfortunately, in the case of a biochemical pregnancy, hCG levels begin to decline and the pregnancy does not develop further. This is most often manifested by vaginal bleeding, which occurs on the date of the expected menstruation or with a slight delay and may be slightly more heavy than usual. Many women may not even realize that they have been biochemically pregnant, mistaking bleeding for delayed or more intense menstruation.

The causes of biochemical pregnancy are varied, but most often they are genetic defects of the embryo that prevent its proper development. Other possible causes include abnormalities in the anatomical structure of the uterus, hormonal disorders, inappropriate lifestyle (e.g. smoking, alcohol abuse) or increased stress. Biochemical pregnancy is treated by some specialists as a natural, physiological mechanism of the body’s elimination of a genetically defective embryo.

The experience of a biochemical pregnancy can be emotionally difficult for a woman, especially if she has been trying to conceive. However, it is important to know that a biochemical pregnancy usually does not adversely affect future fertility and does not reduce the chances of getting another healthy pregnancy, often in a short time. It usually does not require any special treatment or medical intervention, but it is worth checking the symptoms of pregnancy immediately after conception. However, if the situation repeats, it is advisable to consult a doctor in order to expand the diagnosis.

The first weeks of pregnancy are an extremely sensitive period, in which all the most important organs of the fetus are formed. This is when organogenesis takes place and the nervous system, including the neural tube, forms very early. That is why it is so crucial to implement health-promoting behaviors at the stage of planning pregnancy or immediately after it is suspected or confirmed. Folic acid supplementation, as already mentioned, is most effective when it is started before conception and continued into early pregnancy. Avoiding any substances with potential teratogenic effects, such as alcohol, tobacco smoke, certain medications, or environmental toxins, is absolutely fundamental during this critical period. Unfortunately, many women find out about their pregnancy only a few weeks after conception, which means that they may have unknowingly taken actions that are unfavorable to the development of the fetus. That is why so much emphasis is placed on education in the field of conscious family planning and early recognition of pregnancy symptoms in order to create optimal conditions for a new life as soon as possible.

When should the symptoms of pregnancy be worrying? Red Flags

Although most of the early symptoms of pregnancy are completely physiological and not cause for concern, there are some alarm signals, known as “red flags”, that can indicate complications developing. Their appearance requires immediate medical consultation or reporting to the emergency room. A quick response in such situations can be crucial for the health of the mother and the baby.

Alarm signals that should cause particular concern in early pregnancy include:

• Severe, unilateral abdominal or pelvic pain: Especially if it is sharp, stinging and does not go away, it may suggest an ectopic pregnancy, i.e. the implantation of the embryo outside the uterine cavity, most often in the fallopian tube. It is a state of immediate threat to a woman’s life.
• Heavy vaginal bleeding: Especially if the blood is bright red, contains clots or tissue fragments, it is worth checking whether fertilization has occurred. This may be a symptom of a miscarriage or also an ectopic pregnancy. Minor spotting may be normal (e.g., implantation spotting), but any bleeding during pregnancy requires a medical evaluation.
• Strong, persistent uterine contractions: Regular, painful contractions, resembling labor pains, may indicate an imminent miscarriage.
• Fever (above 38°C) and chills: They may indicate a developing infection (e.g. there are no symptoms of pregnancy). urinary tract infection, systemic infection), which can be dangerous during pregnancy.
• Severe, persistent vomiting (so-called incontinent vomiting of pregnancy): If vomiting is so frequent and severe that it prevents fluid and food intake, it can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss, which requires medical intervention.
• Pain or severe burning sensation during urination, pollakiuria accompanied by pain: These may be symptoms of a urinary tract infection that requires antibiotic treatment.
• Sudden, very severe headaches accompanied by visual disturbances (e.g. blurred vision, scotomas in front of the eyes, double vision): Although less common at this early stage, these may be symptoms of developing preeclampsia or other serious neurological problems.
• Fainting or frequent, severe dizziness: They may indicate a significant drop in blood pressure or other problems that require diagnosis.
• Sudden swelling of the face, hands, or feet: Especially if it appears suddenly and is significant, it can be an alarm signal.
• Abnormal vaginal discharge: If it is abundant, has a changed color (e.g. yellow, green, gray), unpleasant odor, is accompanied by itching, burning or irritation of the intimate area, it may indicate a vaginal or cervical infection that requires treatment.

If any of these symptoms occur, a woman should immediately contact her doctor in charge of the pregnancy or, if the symptoms are very severe or appear outside the working hours of the clinic, go to the nearest gynaecology and obstetrics emergency room. Do not wait for a scheduled appointment or try to treat yourself.

The purpose of this guide is to provide reliable information and reassure future mothers that most of the early symptoms of pregnancy are natural. At the same time, however, it is extremely important to equip women with knowledge about potential threats and signals that should prompt immediate action. Most pregnancies are normal, but being aware of the “red flags” and being able to recognize them is crucial for safety. Providing a clear list of alarm symptoms and instructions on how to proceed is intended to enable a quick response in situations that require it. If you have any doubts about how you feel during pregnancy, it is always better to consult a doctor or midwife – even if it turns out that there is no reason to worry, such a consultation will bring peace of mind and confidence.

Summary

The first symptoms of pregnancy are extremely diverse and each woman can experience them in an individual way. They result primarily from dynamic hormonal changes that take place in the body from the moment of fertilization. The most common signs include stopping menstruation, fatigue, breast tenderness, nausea, more frequent urination or mood swings. There are also a number of less typical symptoms that can accompany early pregnancy.

It is crucial to remember that no single symptom or even a syndrome of symptoms can give one hundred percent certainty of pregnancy. It is necessary to perform a pregnancy test – a home urine test or a laboratory blood test for beta-hCG levels – and then confirm the pregnancy with a gynaecologist during the visit, which should preferably take place between the 6th and 8th week of pregnancy.

Early and regular medical care is the foundation of a healthy pregnancy and safe childbirth. Conscious self-care from the first weeks – through appropriate folic acid supplementation, a balanced diet, avoiding stimulants and physical activity adapted to the condition – creates the best possible conditions for the developing child.

Pregnancy is a special time in a woman’s life. Listening to the signals sent by your own body, combined with reliable knowledge and support from specialists, allows you to go through this period calmly, consciously and safely, enjoying the wait for a new family member.